Aplicação da escala SAM na seleção de imagens de alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis para utilização em tarefas experimentais / SAM scale application in selecting healthy and non-healthy food images for use in experimental tasks

O modelo dimensional das emoções tem sido utilizado em investigações no âmbito da psicologia experimental. Este estudo utilizou a pontuação nas dimensões da escala SAM (Self Assesment Manikin) para emparelhar estímulos considerando o valor afetivo. O objetivo foi realizar um levantamento das dimensões afetivas em um conjunto de 122 imagens relacionadas com alimentos para utilização em tarefas experimentais entre adultos, com o intuito de permitir o emparelhamento de estímulos nas dimensões afetivas, em conjuntos de imagens de alimentos saudáveis (SD), não saudáveis (NS) e objetos comuns do dia a dia (OB). Participaram como juízes 87 estudantes universitários, 43 (49,4%) do sexo feminino e 44 (50,6%) do sexo masculino. O controle emocional dos estímulos contribui para aumentar a validade ecológica dos estudos através do melhor controle dos estímulos que possuem relevância afetiva. Este trabalho propiciou a criação de um banco de imagens relacionadas a alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis e um conjunto de imagens de objetos para comparação ou pareamento. O material desenvolvido possibilita a manipulação e controle de estímulos com relevância emocional em estudos relacionados ao comportamento alimentar em humanos.

The dimensional model of emotions has been previously used for research in experimental psychology. In the current study, the score in the dimensions of SAM scale (Self-Assessment Manikin) was used to pair the stimuli in level of arousal elicited. The objective was to survey the affective dimensions of a set of 122 images related to food for its use in experimental tasks among adults, in order to allow pairing of stimuli in the emotional dimensions, in sets of health food images (SD) unhealthy (NS) and common objects of everyday life (OB). Participants were 87 college students of both genders, 43 (49.4%) were female and 44 (50.6%) were male. The criterion used allowed the choice of 12 pairs of SD-OB images and 12 NS-B pairs, matched in the arousal scale. Emotional control of the stimuli is relevant to increase the ecological validity of the studies through better control of stimuli with emotional relevance. This work led to the creation of a bank of images related to healthy and unhealthy foods, as well as a set of pictures of objects pictures. The material developed enables the manipulation and control of stimuli with emotional significance in studies related to eating behavior.

Attentional bias to unhealthy food in individuals with severe obesity and binge eating.

Attentional bias is an implicit cognition relevant to development and maintenance of obesity, but little is known of how binge eating modulates attentional bias in severe obesity. This study investigated attentional bias towards unhealthy foods at different stages of attentional processing in a clinical sample, comparing obese patients (Body Mass Index, BMI>35 kg/m2) with and without binge eating behaviors. Participants were separated into two groups according to their score on the Binge Eating Scale (BES): no binge eating (NB; score ≤17; n = 23) and binge eating (BE; score > 17; n = 19). Participants performed a computerized visual probe task designed to evaluate attentional bias in different stages of attentional process; matching pairs of unhealthy food and matching non-food pictures concealed a target for 100, 500 or 2000 ms. Reduced reaction times to targets following food-related images are indicative of attentional bias towards food images. BE group exhibited a greater bias towards food than NB. Both groups showed positive attentional bias to food in the initial orientation stage (100 ms), whereas bias was close to zero in the maintenance of attention stage (2000 ms), suggesting ambivalent approach-avoidance responses to food stimuli. Only the BE group showed a bias towards food images when displayed for 500 ms, indicating disengaging from food-related stimuli was faster in NB group. Although both groups were ambivalent about attending to food cues, slower attentional disengagement from unhealthy food might be a cognitive marker of binge eating behavior in severe obesity.

Sentimentos maternos frente ao desenvolvimento da criança entre 24 e 28 meses / Maternal feelings about their child's development from 24 to 28 months

O presente estudo visou investigar os sentimentos maternos frente às aquisições de desenvolvimento da criança entre os 24 e 28 meses. Participaram16 mães primíparas, com idade entre 21 e 36 anos, de nível socioeconômico, escolaridade e status ocupacional variados, residentes na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, com o companheiro. Foi realizada entrevista semiestruturada, submetida à análise qualitativa de conteúdo, abordando a experiência da maternidade e o desenvolvimento da criança. As mães relataram ampliação do vocabulário, motricidade e capacidade de compreensão e memória, bem como oscilação de independência e dependência da criança. Diante dessas aquisições foram expressos sentimentos maternos de prazer, admiração e gratificação, por um lado, e de cansaço, irritação e stress por outro. Essas mudanças e o modo como a mãe e a criança lidam com elas, ajudam a configurar seus relacionamentos com o mundo externo e repercutem nas interações entre ambas.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to investigate maternal feelings towards their child's developmental acquisitions from 24 to 28 months. Sixteen primiparous mothers, aged 21 to 36, from different socioeconomic backgrounds, took part in the study. They lived with their partners, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. A semistructured interview was held, which was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. The analysis focused on maternal experience and child development. Mothers reported a growth of vocabulary, motor skills, understanding and memory capacity, as well as the oscillation in the child´s independence and dependence. Maternal feelings of pleasure, admiration and gratification were expressed as well as feelings of tiredness, irritation and stress. These changes and the way mother and child deal with them help to strengthen their relationships with the outside world, and also influence their mother-child interactions.(AU)

Sentimentos maternos frente ao desenvolvimento da criança entre 24 e 28 meses / Maternal feelings about their child's development from 24 to 28 months

O presente estudo visou investigar os sentimentos maternos frente às aquisições de desenvolvimento da criança entre os 24 e 28 meses. Participaram16 mães primíparas, com idade entre 21 e 36 anos, de nível socioeconômico, escolaridade e status ocupacional variados, residentes na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, com o companheiro. Foi realizada entrevista semiestruturada, submetida à análise qualitativa de conteúdo, abordando a experiência da maternidade e o desenvolvimento da criança. As mães relataram ampliação do vocabulário, motricidade e capacidade de compreensão e memória, bem como oscilação de independência e dependência da criança. Diante dessas aquisições foram expressos sentimentos maternos de prazer, admiração e gratificação, por um lado, e de cansaço, irritação e stress por outro. Essas mudanças e o modo como a mãe e a criança lidam com elas, ajudam a configurar seus relacionamentos com o mundo externo e repercutem nas interações entre ambas.

The aim of the present study was to investigate maternal feelings towards their child's developmental acquisitions from 24 to 28 months. Sixteen primiparous mothers, aged 21 to 36, from different socioeconomic backgrounds, took part in the study. They lived with their partners, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. A semistructured interview was held, which was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. The analysis focused on maternal experience and child development. Mothers reported a growth of vocabulary, motor skills, understanding and memory capacity, as well as the oscillation in the child´s independence and dependence. Maternal feelings of pleasure, admiration and gratification were expressed as well as feelings of tiredness, irritation and stress. These changes and the way mother and child deal with them help to strengthen their relationships with the outside world, and also influence their mother-child interactions.